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However, there are stacks with truncated pyramid shapes with square or octagonal cross sections, for example. In most of the industrial chimneys, the stack has a truncated cone shape. It, typically prismatic, involves the outer surface of the stack and can present different plant shapes, namely, quadrangular, octagonal or circular, and may include decorative elements on the sides and in the transition to the stack. The base, which does not exist in some industrial chimneys, is the lower element placed between the stack (the main body of the chimney) and the foundation. Chimneys are basically made of three parts: base, stack and crown. With varying heights, the vast majority of the industrial chimneys are in brick masonry and are quite slender. The main function of an industrial chimney is the evacuation of the combustion gases. (a) Functional and constructive characteristics
#Chimney masonry stack archive
This research was supported by existing documentation and archive elements that describe the main aspects concerning the construction of these structures. Finally, it proposes simple procedures to help designers to assess the safety conditions of these chimneys and evaluate eventual reinforcement needs. It includes the analysis of the surveyed data and establishes correlations between the chimneys geometrical and mechanical characteristics. This work presents the results of the survey of the geometric characteristics and the dynamic identification of the mechanical properties of the materials of 10 brick masonry industrial chimneys in Portugal. a safety evaluation based on effective knowledge of the characteristics and state of conservation of the chimney. Note that any intervention to be proposed should result from a duly evaluated necessity, i.e. In this context, it also demands the assessment of the geometrical and material characteristics and structural conservation state.
#Chimney masonry stack verification
It requires the verification of the chimneys safety conditions, which involves inspection and diagnosis actions, as recommended by international entities, such as the International Council on Monuments and Sites (ICOMOS). In fact, this ‘new’ positioning of the industrial chimneys in inhabited areas raises important questions regarding the safety of persons and properties. Once outside ordinary living areas, with the growth of the cities, these old industrial chimneys, now degraded, are actually part of renovated areas surrounded by dwellings and service buildings, or placed inside leisure areas, being a threat to the safety of the surrounding environment. Although in many cases the buildings have been progressively demolished, most of the chimneys were kept as sculptures to the memory of the site's past industrial history. Some of these industrial areas were renovated and are being used with different purposes. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Environmental loading of heritage structures’.Ī large number of masonry industrial chimneys, symbols of the industrial period, are located in old industrial areas bordering urban centres. In particular, it establishes correlations between the chimneys geometrical and mechanical characteristics and proposes simple procedures to help designers to assess the safety conditions of these chimneys and evaluate eventual reinforcement needs. This work shows the analysis of the geometric and material data from on-site surveys and dynamic identification procedures carried out on 10 industrial brick masonry chimneys. This new framework demands safety evaluations of the chimneys, which involve preliminary on-site surveys. Moreover, although most of these industries and chimneys were located outside ordinary living areas, they are actually surrounded by dwellings or placed inside leisure areas. sculptures to the memory of the site's past activity. During this degradation process, the industrial chimneys are often separated from other structures and become isolated elements, i.e. Built on a large scale in Portugal from the nineteenth century, factory buildings have been in use until the beginning of the twentieth century, afterwards being progressively abandoned, transformed or demolished. Masonry chimneys were key elements of post-industrial factory buildings.